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Temperature programmed desorption experiments shed light on the intermolecular interactions between small C₁–C₄alcohols and the adsorption at natural defect sites including step edges and kink sites. 

An understanding of person dynamics is indispensable for numerous urban applications, including the design of transportation networks and planning for business development. Pedestrian counting often requires utilizing manual or technical means to count individuals in each location of interest. However, such methods do not scale to the size of a city and a new approach to fill this gap is here proposed. In this project, we used a large dense dataset of images of New York City along with computer vision techniques to construct a spatio-temporal map of relative person density. Due to the limitations of state-of-the-art computer vision methods, such automatic detection of person is inherently subject to errors. We model these errors as a probabilistic process, for which we provide theoretical analysis and thorough numerical simulations. We demonstrate that, within our assumptions, our methodology can supply a reasonable estimate of person densities and provide theoretical bounds for the resulting error. 

It has been presumed that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joint pain is related to inflammation in the synovium; however, recent studies reveal that pain scores in patients do not correlate with synovial inflammation. We developed a machine-learning approach (graph-based gene expression module identification or GbGMI) to identify an 815-gene expression module associated with pain in synovial biopsy samples from patients with established RA who had limited synovial inflammation at arthroplasty. We then validated this finding in an independent cohort of synovial biopsy samples from patients who had early untreated RA with little inflammation. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses indicated that most of these 815 genes were most robustly expressed by lining layer synovial fibroblasts. Receptor-ligand interaction analysis predicted cross-talk between human lining layer fibroblasts and human dorsal root ganglion neurons expressing calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP⁺). Both RA synovial fibroblast culture supernatant and netrin-4, which is abundantly expressed by lining fibroblasts and was within the GbGMI-identified pain-associated gene module, increased the branching of pain-sensitive murine CGRP⁺dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Imaging of solvent-cleared synovial tissue with little inflammation from humans with RA revealed CGRP⁺pain-sensing neurons encasing blood vessels growing into synovial hypertrophic papilla. Together, these findings support a model whereby synovial lining fibroblasts express genes associated with pain that enhance the growth of pain-sensing neurons into regions of synovial hypertrophy in RA.